![]() Among those who contributed in implementing the knowledge on structural and functional aspects of the cerebellum, it is worth mentioning the French anatomist Vieussens (1641–1715), whose compendium “Neurographia Universalis” ( Vieussens, 1685), written in Latin, provided an ahead of time description of the Central Nervous System (CNS Manto and Huisman, 2018). Throughout history, many prominent personalities, as recently discussed by Voogd and Koehler (2018), have been trying to reveal the cerebellum complexity to achieve a better understanding of this peculiar structure. The cerebellum, also known as “little brain,” has been an object of interest and research for centuries. Introduction: The Cerebellum Through History Here we provide an overview of the cerebellum, retracing its morphology, histogenesis, and physiological functions, and finally outlining its involvement in typical and atypical development and the age-dependent patterns of cerebellar dysfunctions. Therefore, an early assessment in children would be desirable to address a prompt diagnosis and a proper intervention since the first months of life. Overall, cerebellar damage may produce numerous signs and symptoms and determine a wide variety of neuropsychiatric impairments already during the evolutive age. Particularly in childhood, the cerebellum may subserve several age-dependent functions, which might be compromised in several Central Nervous System pathologies. Since the first hypothesis of cerebellar mere role in motor tuning and coordination, much more has been continuously discovered about the cerebellum’s circuitry and functioning throughout centuries, leading to the currently accepted knowledge of its prominent involvement in cognitive, social, and behavioral areas. The cerebellum and its functional multiplicity and heterogeneity have been objects of curiosity and interest since ancient times, giving rise to the urge to reveal its complexity. ![]() 3Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.2Unit of Pathology, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.1Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.Greta Amore 1 Giulia Spoto 1 Antonio Ieni 2 Luigi Vetri 3 Giuseppe Quatrosi 3 Gabriella Di Rosa 1† Antonio Gennaro Nicotera 1*†
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